Sarcomphalus joazeiro, commonly known as cowboy orange, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rhamnaceae. It is a significant tree native to the Caatinga biome of northeastern Brazil, an arid and semi-arid region characterized by thorny shrubs and dry forests. This species plays an important ecological role in its native habitat and is also valued for its various uses. The cowboy orange is a thorny, deciduous tree that typically grows to a height of 5 to 15 meters, though it can occasionally reach up to 20 meters. Its growth habit is often irregular, with a spreading crown. The bark is rough and grayish-brown. The leaves are simple, alternate, and ovate to elliptical in shape, measuring about 3 to 7 cm in length and 2 to 4 cm in width. They are glossy green on the upper surface and paler underneath, with a slightly serrated margin. The plant is well-adapted to arid conditions, shedding its leaves during prolonged dry periods to conserve water. Flowering occurs typically during the dry season, producing small, inconspicuous flowers that are greenish-yellow and fragrant. These flowers are borne in axillary clusters. The fruit is a drupe, which is globose to ovoid, measuring approximately 2 to 3 cm in diameter. When ripe, the fruit is yellow to orange, fleshy, and edible, with a tart to sweet flavor. Each fruit contains one to four seeds. The thorns are a prominent feature of the plant, typically found on the branches, serving as a defense mechanism. Sarcomphalus joazeiro is endemic to northeastern Brazil, found in states such as Bahia, Pernambuco, Ceará, and Paraíba. It thrives in dry, rocky soils and is a characteristic component of the Caatinga vegetation. While primarily found in its native range, it is also cultivated in other arid and semi-arid regions for its fruit and as an ornamental plant. It is drought-tolerant and prefers full sun. The cowboy orange holds considerable importance in its native region. The fruit is consumed fresh by both humans and wildlife and can be used to make juices, jams, and liqueurs. The tree's ability to fix nitrogen in the soil contributes to nutrient cycling in the often-poor soils of the Caatinga. It is also used in traditional medicine for various ailments. Economically, it provides a source of income for local communities through the sale of its fruits. Furthermore, its thorny nature makes it suitable for use as a natural barrier or hedge. The wood, though not extensively used, is hard and can be utilized for fuel or small construction purposes. Its resilience and adaptability to harsh environments make Sarcomphalus joazeiro a valuable and iconic species of the Brazilian semi-arid landscape.