Lepidium hirtum, commonly known as Mediterranean pepperweed, is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family, Brassicaceae. This annual herb is characterized by its low-growing, often spreading habit, typically reaching heights of 10 to 30 centimeters. The plant's leaves are generally simple, though they can be somewhat lobed, and are arranged alternately along the stem. The basal leaves are often spatulate or oblanceolate, while the stem leaves are typically smaller and more linear or lanceolate. The inflorescences of Lepidium hirtum are racemes bearing small, inconspicuous white flowers. Each flower possesses four petals, which are often shorter than the sepals, and six stamens. Following pollination, the plant produces its characteristic fruits, which are small, flattened silicles, typically obcordate or ovate in shape, and notched at the apex. These silicles contain two seeds. The seeds are small, ovate, and reddish-brown. Lepidium hirtum is native to the Mediterranean region, where it thrives in a variety of habitats. It is commonly found in disturbed areas, such as roadsides, fields, and waste grounds, as well as in more natural settings like open, dry, and often calcareous soils. Its distribution spans across southern Europe, North Africa, and parts of the Middle East. While not widely cultivated, it can be grown in well-drained soils in sunny locations, tolerating a range of conditions typical of its native arid and semi-arid environments. Historically, species within the Lepidium genus have been utilized for various purposes, though specific documented uses for Lepidium hirtum are less prominent compared to some of its relatives. Some Lepidium species have been employed in traditional medicine or as culinary herbs due to their peppery taste, a characteristic shared by many members of the Brassicaceae family. However, extensive scientific documentation supporting such uses for Lepidium hirtum is limited. Ecologically, it plays a role as a food source for certain insects and contributes to the biodiversity of its native ecosystems. Its ability to colonize disturbed habitats suggests a degree of resilience and adaptability. The small, wind-dispersed fruits and seeds contribute to its spread in suitable environments.